The short answer is, from the late 1800s until its abolition in the 1970s, the Sheriff's jury was primarily an exclusive social club for rich Manhattanites. It had a largely nominal role in the judicial system, and members were exempted from service on ordinary grand, petit, and special juries. For the most part, it served primarily as a status symbol, and the member of the panel threw controversial yearly banquets, where the flask was probably awarded as a souvenir.
The best source is probably the
The Sheriff's Jury of New York County (1976) by the New York Commission of Investigation. It might also be profitable to take a look at The Sheriff's Jury and the Bicentennial, July 30, 1976
(1976) by Joseph T. P. Sullivan, though I haven't personally looked over that source.
The following is awkwardly cut and pasted from a draft of a law school paper mouldering on my hard drive. Please pardon the less-than-ideal editing; my bedtime is rapidly approaching. Frequent references to the above mentioned source have been omitted for my convenience:
... In New York
State, [Sheriff's juries] were impaneled to deal with inquests to assess damages arising from defendant's default in personal injury or property cases, competency hearings, to ascertain damages sustained from temporary injunctions which were later determined to be wrongfully granted and to ascertain damages to third parties resulting from improperly issued warrants of attachment.
Panels were appointed on an annual basis, and holding a place on the panel exempted members from petit or grand jury summons. They're best known as a means for wealthy Manhattanites to avoid service on grand and petit juries.
Between the founding and 1976, the
New York County sheriff's jury slowly evolved from a functional element of the jury system to a vestigial relic of the common law to an open scandal. The sheriff appointed three panels of 150 individuals each, of which only a small portion were called to serve when the panels were at their busiest.
By the time sheriffs' juries were abolished, statutes had shifted most of the jury's responsibilities to other parties and only a single work session had been called in the previous four years, which lasted less than a day.
As early as 1916, the institution's status as a means to avoid jury service was sufficiently well known that it was casually mentioned in popular fiction
and sporadic efforts to eliminate the institution prior to the 1970s cited anti-democratic implications of allowing a class of citizens to evade jury service.
Appointment to the New York County Sheriff's Jury was prestigious: its membership rolls were composed of well known members of the business community and members of old money families.
Membership was attained through the recommendation of one of the heads of the three panels. Even after they were granted the right to serve on juries, no woman was ever recommended for membership.
When the Sheriff's Jury came under fire for this seemingly broad omission, in the latter half of the twentieth century, the three panel heads and the County Clerk (whose office had replaced the eponymous sheriff as the official responsible for appointing members) denied any discriminatory intent and explained that no women had ever volunteered.
Criticism of the lack of minorities was addressed by seating six African Americans after what was described as a "concerted effort".[3]
By custom, rather than law, members of the panels paid substantial dues ($370 per member by 1976), which were pooled and used to fund elaborate dinners, fund public works projects favored by the County Clerk and provide expensive gifts to public officials.
The latter practice ultimately provoked the backlash that led to the investigation and dissolution of the institution.
In 1974, Manhattan District Attorney Richard Kuh, embroiled in a difficult re-election bid, demanded that the Manhattan Sheriff's Jury quashed and henceforth be drawn randomly from the ordinary jury lists, as the Brooklyn Sheriff's Jury was.
[1]
See George Barr McCutcheon,
The Light that Lies, MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, XLVI:5 (1916) at 9. Describing his protagonist's attempts to evade jury service, McCutcheon writes:
"Others suggested that he get on the 'sheriff's jury,' a quaintly distinguished method of serving the commonwealth in that the members perform their duties as citizens in such a luxurious and expensive way that they never appear in the newspapers as 'twelve men good and true,' but as contributors to somewhat compulsory festivities in which justice is done to the inner man alone."
[2]
Sheriffs' Juries,
N.Y. Times, Mar. 12, 1945, 19.
[3]
State of New York Commission of Investigation at 3; Kuh Demands End of Sheriff's Jury New York Times, Oct. 18, 1974, p. 45.
[4]
Kuh Demands End of Sheriff's Jury [supra Note 3]
; Kuh Says Judge Lacked 'Candor', N.Y. Times, October 22, 1974, 90.
[5] Dropping of Sheriff's Jury Urged
,
N.Y. Times, December 12, 1976, 78.
[6]
New Way Asked to Choose Panel for Sheriff Jury
, N. Y.Times, B1, April 3, 1979; L.1977, c. 316, Governor's Bill Jacket, unpaginated May 19, 1977 letter from DW Brown to HL Carey; L.1977
, c. 316, Governor's Bill Jacket, unpaginated Budget Report on Bills. The Association of the Bar of the City of New York, while noting the reform bill was "laudable and long overdue", suggested that it should be rejected until Manhattan Sheriff's juries were eliminated by statute.
Dennis Harlow
On 11/21/06, Travis, John <[log in to unmask]> wrote:
This was a "Sheriff's jury".
The question is did anyone hear of a practice of making up and giving out souvenirs to jurors and/or others?
John N. Travis
Albany County Historian/
Real Property Investigator
112 State St, Albany NY 12207
-----Original Message-----
From: A LISTSERV list for discussions pertaining to New York State
history. [mailto:[log in to unmask]]On Behalf Of Jim Folts
Sent: Monday, November 20, 2006 3:20 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [NYHIST-L] Astor/Chanler
The best-known use of the "special jury" was by NY County District
Attoney Thomas E. Dewey, in his campaign against organized crime in the
late 1930s. The press called such juries "blue-ribbon" juries.
Use of the so-called "special jury" was first authorized by NY Laws of
1896, Chap. 378. The 1896 statute provided for use of a "special jury"
upon application by the district attorney OR the defendant in a criminal
case OR either party in a civil case, "by reason of the importance or
intricacy of the case . . . or [because] the subject matter of the
indictment or the issue to be tried has been so widely commented upon
that the court is satisfied that an ordinary jury cannot without delay
and difficulty be obtained to try such issue" or for the "due, efficient
and impartial administration of justice." The statute required personal
examination of each prospective special juror concerning his
"qualification and fitness to serve as a special juror." The statute
provided no definition of such qualifications, though a clue may be
found in the statutory reference to "intricacy of the case"--implying
that a complex case might require jurors with greater powers of analysis
and/or greater subject expertise.
The provisions of the 1896 statute were reenacted by Laws of 1902 Chap.
602, and Laws of 1938, Chap. 552 (= Judiciary Law sect. 18b). The
statute was repealed by Laws of 1965, Chap. 778. The "special jury"
provisions always applied only in counties of population of one million
or more, which means the statute was applicable only in some of the
boroughs of New York City, and in the late decades in some of the NYC
suburban counties and in Erie County (Buffalo).
Jim Folts
Head, Reference Services
New York State Archives
>>> [log in to unmask] 11/20/06 11:24 AM >>>
TO WHOMEVER:
I am trying to assist someone who is researching the 1899 Lunacy
Trial of John Armstrong Chanler. They have uncovered an artifact from
the trial - a "flask" inscribed "FIRST PANEL SHERIFFS JURY JANUARY 14,
1899" and bearing what appears to be the court's coat-of-arms..
Has anyone heard of such a thing? Would the jurors be given
them as souvenirs?
The story behind the trial is fascinating, Chanler, an heir to
the Astor fortune, was found sane in some states and insane in others.
There is a new book out on this -"ARCHIE AND AMELIA, LOVE AND MADNESS IN
THE GILDED AGE."
John N. Travis
Albany County Historian/
112 State St, Albany NY 12207